EEA policy brief highlights link between pollution and mental health

Mental health disorders are among the leading causes of disease burden in Europe. While their origins are complex, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that environmental factors – including air pollution, environmental noise and exposure to certain chemicals – may contribute to the risk of mental health problems. 

Published in March 2026, the EEA brief Pollution and mental health: current scientific evidence synthesises current research on how environmental exposures may influence mental health outcomes. The analysis draws on an umbrella review carried out by researchers from Swiss TPH and UBA within the European Topic Centre on Human Health and the Environment. 

The evidence indicates that long-term exposure to air pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is associated with a higher risk of depression. Environmental noise, particularly from road traffic and aircraft, has been linked to an increased risk of anxiety, depression and suicide. Furthermore, early-life exposure to certain chemicals such as lead, pesticides and second hand smoke has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes later in life.

While the causes of mental health disorders are complex and involve genetic, social and behavioural factors, the growing body of evidence suggests that environmental pollution may represent an additional risk factor.

Martin Röösli, Head of the Environmental Exposures and Health research group at Swiss TPH and one of the scientists involved in the review, highlights the relevance of the findings: “While further research is needed to clarify causality, the evidence strengthens the case for fully implementing EU environmental legislation. Reducing pollution is not only about protecting ecosystems; it may also contribute to improving mental well-being across Europe.”

The policy brief concludes that reducing environmental pollution could bring multiple public health benefits. Measures that lower pollution levels – alongside policies that promote healthier living environments – could therefore play an important role in addressing Europe’s growing mental health burden.

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